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japanese-American During WWII By Japanese immigrants and the following generations had to endure discrimination, racism, and prejudice from white Americans. They were low gear viewed as economic competition. The Japanese Americans were then forced into internment camps simply because of the whites fear and paranoia. The Japanese starting signal began to immigrate to the United States in 1868. At first they came in small numbers. US Census records show only 55 in 1870 and 2,039 in 1890. After that, they came in much greater numbers, reaching 24,000 in 1900, 72,000 in 1910, and 111,000 in 1920.(Parrillo,287) Most settled in the western states.(Klimova,1) Many families in Japan followed the practice of primogeniture, which is when the eldest son inherits the entire estate. This was a promote factor. Because of primogeniture, second and third sons came to the United States to seek their fortunes.(Parrillo,287) The promise of economic prosperity and the hope for a better life for thei r children were two pull factors. These foreign-born Japanese were kat oncen as Issei (first generation). They filled a variety of unskilled jobs in railroads, farming, fishing, and domestic services. (Klimova,1) The Japanese encountered hostility and discrimination from the start. In California, a conflict with form labor was due to their growing numbers in small areas and racial visibility.(Parrillo,287) White workers perceived Japanese as economic competition. Their willingness to work for lower wages and under poor conditions brought on hostility from union members. The immigrants became victims of ethnoviolence. In 1890, Japanese cobblers were attacked by members of the shoe makers union, and Japanese restaurateurs were attacked by members of the union for cooks and waiters in 1892. It was very difficult to find steady employment therefore, most of them entered agricultural work. They first worked as laborers, accumulated sufficient capitol, then as tenant farmers or small la ndholders. Some became contract gardeners for whites.(Parrillo,287) The Japanese farmers were very knowledgeable of cultivation, which made them strong competitors against white farmers. More discrimination by the dominant group currently followed. In 1913, the California legislator passed the first alien landholding law, prohibiting any person who was ineligible for citizenship from owning land in the state, and per... ...omic exploitation. After enduring such injustices and hardships, many are now enjoying the life the Issei dreamed of for their families. Bibliography Work Cited Parillo, Vincent N. Strangers to These Shors Race and Ethnitc Relations in the United States. Needham Heights, Massachuchetts 2000, 287-289. Klimova, Tatiana A. Internment of Japanese Americans Military Necessity or Racial Prejudice. Old convention University. 1-9 (5/2/00) Asia, Ask. Linking The Past to Present Asian Americans Then and Now. The Asia Society 1996. 1-3 (5/1/00 Spickard, Paul R. Japanese Americans The transformation and Formation of an Ethnic Group. New Yourk1996,93-159 McWilliams, Carey. Prejudice Japanese Americans Symbol of racial Intolerance. boston 1945,106-190. Myer, Dillon S. Joseph Yoshisuke Kurihara. Upprinted Americans 1971. 1-5 (5/1/00) Asin, Stefanie.Poignand Memories. Houston Chronicle 7/31/95.1-3 5/2/00 Reaseach Center.research on 100th/442nd reginent conbat team.NJAHS.1-2 5/2/00 Miyoshi, Nubu.Idenity Crisis of the Sansei.Sansei legacy project 3/13/98.1-21 5/1/00 Kiang, Peter. Understanding the Perception of Asian Americans. Asian Society1997.1-2 5/2/00 Word Count 1862